Automatic Personality Assessment through Movement Analysis.

Obtaining accurate and objective assessments of an individual's personality is vital in many areas including education, medicine, sports and management. Currently, most personality assessments are conducted using scales and questionnaires. Unfortunately, it has been observed that both scales and questionnaires present various drawbacks. Their limitations include the lack of veracity in the answers, limitations in the number of times they can be administered, or cultural biases. To solve these problems, several articles have been published in recent years proposing the use of movements that participants make during their evaluation as personality predictors. In this work, a multiple linear regression model was developed to assess the examinee's personality based on their movements. Movements were captured with the low-cost Microsoft Kinect camera, which facilitates its acceptance and implementation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, a pilot study was conducted aimed at assessing the personality traits defined by the Big-Five Personality Model. It was observed that the traits that best fit the model are Extroversion and Conscientiousness. In addition, several patterns that characterize the five personality traits were identified. These results show that it is feasible to assess an individual's personality through his or her movements and open up pathways for several research.

Gamifying App-Based Low-Intensity Psychological Interventions to Prevent Sports Injuries in Young Athletes: A Review and Some Guidelines.

Sports injuries have become a real health concern. Particularly noticeable is the increasing number of severe sports injuries among young people. Sports injury (SI) is a multifactorial event where many internal and external, proximal and remote factors play a role in a recursive way, including physical and psychological variables. Accordingly, many voices expressing the need of tackling that and several prevention programs have arisen. Nevertheless, different barriers and limitations prevent a wide extension of well-controlled programs, closely monitored by highly specialized professionals in ordinary sports grass-root organizations. These have helped flourishing different low intensity (LI)-interventions and e-Health apps focusing on both physical warmup, training and fitness, and mental skills aimed at reducing athlete's vulnerability to SIs. This kind of intervention usually uses self-administered techniques and/or non-specialized staff that can effectively monitoring the program. In fact, LI-interventions have shown to be effective coping with different health and psychological issues. However, these interventions face an important challenge: the lack of engagement people usually show. The current paper proposes how gamification can contribute to the engagement to such interventions. Based on the mechanics-dynamics-aesthetics framework to analyze game design, the paper suggests a set of guidelines app- and web-LI interventions aimed at preventing SIs should include to foster motivation and reduce attrition.

PSIXPORT: Mobile App for Ecological Momentary Assessment of Psychological Dimensions in Sport Injury.

Retrospective self-reports have been commonly used to assess psychological variables such as feelings, thoughts, or emotions. Nevertheless, this method presents serious limitations to gather accurate information about variables that change over time. The Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) approach has been used to deal with some of the limitations these retrospective assessment methods present, and for gathering real-time information about dynamic psychological variables, such as feelings, thoughts, or behaviors. In the sports injury rehabilitation context, athletes' thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and pain perceptions during the rehabilitation process can influence the outcomes of this process. These responses change over different stages of the rehabilitation and taking them into account can help therapists to adapt the rehabilitation process and increasing their effectiveness. With this aim, an EMA mobile app (PSIXPORT) was designed to gather real-time information about severely injured athletes' cognitive appraisals, emotional responses, behaviors, and pain perceptions during their rehabilitation process. The goals of this study were to evaluate Psixport's ability to gather real-time information about injured athletes' psychological responses during the rehabilitation, to test the users' perceived usability of Psixport, and to compare the reliability and differences between real-time data gathered with Psixport and the data gathered through the one-time retrospective method. Twenty-eight severely injured athletes (10 men and 18 women) were assessed using Psixport, a retrospective questionnaire, and the uMARS usability test. Results showed that Psixport can be considered as a good tool to gather information about injured athletes' cognitive appraisals, emotional responses, behaviors, and pain perceptions. Moreover, multiple data assessments gathered with the app showed to be more accurate information about injured athletes' psychological responses than one-time retrospective reports.

Understanding the dimensions of sport-injury related growth: A DELPHI method approach.

Despite the multitude of adverse physical and psychosocial consequences of sports injury, evidence also highlights the potential for positive benefits in the injury aftermath. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by exploring the dimensions of personal growth following a severe sports injury. A 3-rounds e-Delphi method was utilized to develop a consensual understanding of the dimensions of sport-injury related growth. A panel of 24 psychology of sport injury experts participated in the process. The final list of items obtained was subjected to conventional content analysis to identify general themes. The process led to the development of a 5-dimension model capable of describing athletes' experiences of personal growth following a severe sports-related injury: personal strength, improved social life, health benefits, sport benefits, and social support and recognition. The domains of sport-injury related growth identified here are consistent with growth-domains identified in previous personal growth literature. However, they also highlight the importance of contextualizing the experience of growth. We have captured key elements of sport-injury related growth, domains that can be used as the basis for further psychometric testing and for further interventions to increase adjustment and well-being during the rehabilitation process.

Athletes' Psychological Adaptation to Confinement Due to COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study.

Studies of individuals under conditions of confinement or severe social and physical restrictions have consistently shown deleterious mental health effects but also high levels of adaptability when dealing with such conditions. Considering the role of physical activity and sport in psychological adaptation, this paper describes a longitudinal study to explore to what extent the imposed restrictions due to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 may have affected athletes' mental health outcomes and how far the process of adaptation to confinement conditions is differentially affected depending on whether the sports activity was practiced individually or in a group, and outdoors, indoors, or both. Two hundred and seventy-four athletes were assessed over 7 weeks using the GHQ-28 and an ad hoc survey exploring the practice of physical activity. A mixed-model fixed effects ANCOVA was used to analyze the effects of time, place, and company in which the sport was practiced, with an index of the amount of physical activity expended as a covariate. Results show a significant effect of time in three out of four of the GHQ-28 subscales, in all cases showing a consistent adaptation to conditions over time. Results also show that playing sport indoors, outdoors, or both, and practicing alone vs. with others differentially affect the somatic symptoms exhibited during confinement: Athletes who practiced sport with others showed higher levels of somatic symptoms at the beginning of the set of data but a quicker rate of adaptation. Differences arising from practicing sport alone or with others were more pronounced in the case of indoor sports, which could be related to the fact that physical activity that can be practiced during confinement is more similar to that practiced indoors alone. Implications relating to what sport psychologists and other health professionals may offer to athletes in stressful situations are discussed.

A Bayesian Approach to Sport Injuries Likelihood: Does Player's Self-Efficacy and Environmental Factors Plays the Main Role?

The psychological factors of sports injuries constitute a growing field of study, even from the point of view of the prediction of their occurrence. Most of them, however, do not take into account the likelihood of the injuries' occurrence and the weight and role of the psychological variables on it. We conducted a study building up a Bayesian Network on a big sample of athletes, trying to assess these probabilistic links among several relevant psychological variables and the injuries' occurrence. The sample was constituted by 297 athletes (239 males, 58 females) from a wide range of sports: track and field; judo; fencing; karate; boxing; swimming; kayaking; artistic rollerskating, and team sports as football, basketball, and handball (Mean age: 25.10 ±-3.87; range: 21-38 years). Several psychological variables, such as anxiety, social support, and self-efficacy were studied. Also, we recorded the history of injuries as well the body mass index and personal epidemiological data. The overall picture of the generated graph and Bayesian Network and its analysis - including the use of hypothetical data by means of several instantiations - includes the nuclear role of the Self-Efficacy regarding the injuries' occurrence likelihood; the decreasing impact of the competitive anxiety previous to the injury; the probabilistic independence of the players' risk behaviors, and the relevance of the environmental clues such the use of coping strategies and social support in order to build up a good level of Self-Efficacy after the occurrence of an injury. All these data are relevant when designing both preventive and recovery interventions from the multidisciplinary as well as from the psychological point of view.

Psychological Profiling of Triathlon and Road Cycling Athletes.

Psychological characteristics of athletes play a key role in sport performance and may moderate and mediate the influence of technical, tactical, and physical abilities athletes show. Different authors have emphasized the special attention such psychological characteristics should receive considering the extent they can influence athletes' behavior either in training or in competition. This paper is aimed at describing the psychological profiles of two cycling sports: triathlon and road cycling. One hundred and twenty-nine male and female professional and amateur cycling athletes (35.74 years old average age ±12.79; 14.94 average number of years practicing cycling ±11.20) were assessed on different psychological characteristics. For that purpose, the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance (CPRD) Questionnaire and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) was used. Results showed significant differences among triathlon and road cyclists (Stress control = t116 =-3.711, p = 0.000, d = 0.48 ; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t115 =-3-115, p = 0.002, d = 0.49; Motivation = t124 =-5.520, p = 0.000, d = 0.82; Mental Skills = t119 =-4.985, p = 0.000, d = 1.02). There were no significant differences between men and women though there were differences among pros and amateur athletes. Triathlon professional, compared to amateurs, showed higher scores in all the psychological dimensions assessed (Stress control = t85 = 3.005, p = 0.003, d = 1.07; Influence of Performance Evaluation = t83 = 2.858, p = 0.005, 0.77; Motivation = t91 = 2.721, p = 0.008, d = 0.26; Mental Skills = t87 = 2.556, p = 0.012, d = 0.77). The results of this descriptive study contribute to establishing a model of optimal psychological profiling applied to the different cycling groups that can be used by sport psychologist, trainers, and coaches in order to promote peak performance of these athletes.

The Effects of Coach Pregame Speeches on Young Players' Self-efficacy / El Efecto de las Charlas Pre-Partido de los Entrenadores en la Autoeficacia de Jóvenes Jugadores

In contrast with the extensive use of coaches' pre-game speeches, there is a lack of research on the effects of such commonly used strategy. Different authors have prompted that the pre-game speech contributes to enhanced athletes' self-efficacy. However, previous results are inconclusive. This study examines its effects on young athletes' self-efficacy in two different quantitative studies. Study 1 compared athletes' self-efficacy beliefs when arriving to the premises and immediately after receiving the coach’s speech in a sample of 61 soccer players (male=42, female=19; age range: 10-16) from 6 different teams. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant results, F(1, 60) = 27.32, p < .001, η2 = .313. However, such differences did not appear when age was added as covariate, F(1, 58) = 0.08, p = .777, η2 = .001. In order to control for the effect of the match itself, Study 2 analyzed the influence of pre-game speeches on eight matches following the same procedure in a sample of ten male players (M = 16.77 years old, SD = 0.60, range: 16-17 years old) from the same team. Results showed the differences were attributable to the match, F(7, 98.54) = 7.625, p < .001, rather than to the pre-game speech. According to our results, differences found are due to age and the specific match the players have to face and seems pre-game speeches do not have any influence on athletes’ perceived efficacy. Whether such speeches have an effect on other facets should be stablished in future work

En contraste con la muy extendida utilización de las charlas pre-partido por parte de los entrenadores, existe poca investigación sobre los efectos que tiene esa estrategia tan comúnmente utilizada. Distintos autores han señalado que las charlas pre-partido contribuyen a incrementar la auto-eficacia de los deportistas. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha no permiten obtener conclusiones. Este estudio examina los efectos de esas charlas en dos estudios cuantitativos. En el Estudio 1 se compararon las creencias de autoeficacia de los deportistas al llegar a las instalaciones e inmediatamente después de recibir la arenga del entrenador en una muestra de 61 jugadores de fútbol (42 hombres y 19 mujeres; rango de edad: 10-16 años) de 6 equipos diferentes. El ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostró diferencias significativas, F(1, 60) = 27.32, p < .001, η 2 = .313. Sin embargo, esas diferencias desaparecían cuando se añadió la edad como covariable. F(1, 58) = 0.08, p = .777, η2 = .001. Con el objetivo de controlar el efecto de propio partido, el Estudio 2 analizó la influencia de las charlas pre-partido en ocho partidos siguiendo el mismo procedimiento en una muestra de diez jugadores varones del mismo equipo (M edad= 16.77, DT = 0.60, rango de edad: 16-17). Los resultados mostraron que las diferencias fueron atribuibles al partido F(7, 98.54) = 7.625, p < .001 y no a las charlas. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, las diferencias encontradas son debidas a la edad y al partido concreto al que se enfrentan los jugadores y parece que las charlas del entrenador no tienen ninguna influencia en la eficacia percibida. Si las charlas pre-parrido tienen alguna influencia en otras facetas, ello debe establecerse en trabajos futuros

Effectiveness of a stress management pilot program aimed at reducing the incidence of sports injuries in young football (soccer) players.

OBJECTIVES: Several attempts to reduce the incidence of sport injuries using psychosocial interventions produced fruitful, although inconclusive results. This paper presents the effectiveness and implementation issues of a pilot 3-month stress-management and muscle relaxation program aimed at reducing sport injury incidence. DESIGN: Pre-post treatment-non treatment group comparison. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION: The program was administered by a trained psychologist on a once-a-week, 1-h session basis. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four male soccer players from four National Youth league teams voluntarily participated. Teams were randomly assigned to either treatment/non-treatment group. MEASURES: Injury protocol, Self-monitoring cards, Athletes' satisfaction and commitment survey, Coaches' interview. RESULTS: Group main effect and Time-Group interaction effect were both statistically significant, F(1,60) = 8.30, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.121, with the average number of injuries larger in the post-treatment phase of non-treatment group (p = 0.005, η2p = 0.077). There was a significant decrease in the average number of injuries for the intervention group before and after implementing the program (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.309). CONCLUSIONS: A controlled implementation of a psychosocial program was effective in reducing youth soccer sport injuries, with a high level of satisfaction and commitment from the athletes, as well as high acceptance from the coaches.

Validating the TDRT-Q to assess the quality of the teacher-dancer relationship / Validar el TDRT-Q para evaluar la calidad de la relación profesor-bailarín / Validando o TDRT-Q para avaliar a qualidade do relacionamento professor-dançarino

La capacidad de los entrenadores para potenciar o desincentivar el compromiso de sus deportistas y para desarrollar su potencial a través de la cualidad de las relaciones que entre ellos se establecen ha recibido una considerable atención desde la investigación; sin embargo, la diada equivalente en el contexto de la danza, la relación entre el maestro y el bailarín, ha sido un área relativamente poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo es extrapolar el modelo de las 3C’s de las Relaciones Entrenador-Deportista de Jowett al contexto de la danza y adaptar y validar al español el CART-Q, un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación de las relaciones deportista-entrenador. Para ello, 175 bailarines y bailarinas españoles de entre 18 y 40 años (M = 22.47; DT = 4.85) de diferentes niveles y disciplinas de baile completaron el denominado Cuestionario sobre las Relaciones entre Maestro y Bailarín (TDRT-Q), la traducción española del CART-Q adaptado al contexto de la danza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio puso de manifiesto la estructura jerárquica de las relaciones como habían sido originalmente postuladas, incluyendo las dimensiones de Cercanía, Compromiso y Complementariedad. En términos generales, el TDRT-Q demostró unas adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. En línea con los resultados obtenidos, el modelo de las 3C’s puede ser transferido para el análisis de las relaciones maestro-bailarín. Más aún, el TDRT-Q puede utilizarse para la evaluación de la cualidad de las relaciones maestro-bailarín y para avanzar en el conocimiento y comprensión de este contexto artístico orientado al rendimiento (AU)

The capacity of coaches to enable or disable athletes’ engagement and ability to reach their potential through the quality of the relationship they develop with them has received substantial research attention, yet the equivalent dyad in dance contexts-the teacher-dancer relationship-has remained relatively unexplored. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to extrapolate Jowett’s 3C’s Coach-Athlete Relationship Model to the dance context and adapt and validate a Spanish translation of the CART-Q, a psychometric tool that has been extensively used to assess the coach-athlete relationship, to examine the teacher-dancer relationship. 175 Spanish dancers aged 18 to 40 (M = 22.47, SD = 4.85) of diverse performance levels and various dance disciplines completed the renamed Teacher-Dancer Relationship Questionnaire (TDRT-Q), the Spanish translation of the CART-Q adapted to dance contexts. A confirmatory factor analysis highlighted the hierarchical nature of the relationship as has been originally postulated containing Closeness, Commitment, and Complementarity. Overall the TDRT-Q demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. In line with these results, the 3C’s model can be transferred to analyse the teacher-dancer relationship. Moreover, the TDRT-Q can be used to assess the quality of the teacher-dancer relationship and further advance knowledge and understanding in this achievement-orientated performing arts context (AU)

A capacidade dos técnicos para potencializar ou desencorajar o compromisso de seus atletas e para desenvolver o potencial dos mesmos através da qualidade das relações que se estabelecem entre ambos tem recebido considerável atenção da investigação; no entanto, a díade equivalente no contexto da dança, a relação entre o professor e o dançarino, tem sido uma área relativamente pouco explorada. O propósito deste artigo é extrapolar o modelo dos 3C’s das Relações Treinador-Atleta de Jowett ao contexto da dança e adaptar e validar ao espanhol o CART-Q, um instrumento amplamente utilizado para a avaliação das relações atleta-treinador. Para tanto, 175 dançarinos e dançarinas espanhóis entre 18 e 40 anos (M = 22.47; DT = 4.85) de diferentes níveis e disciplinas de dança responderam o denominado Questionário sobre as Relações entre Professor e Dançarino (TDRT-Q), a tradução espanhola do CART-Q adaptado ao contexto da dança. A análise fatorial confirmatória revelou a estrutura hierárquica das relações como haviam sido originalmente postuladas, incluindo as dimensões de Proximidade, Compromisso e Complementaridade. Em termos gerais, o TDRT-Q demonstrou propriedades psicométricas adequadas. Em linha com os resultados obtidos, o modelo dos 3C’s pode ser transferido para a análise das relações professor-dançarino. Além disso, o TDRT-Q pode ser utilizado para a avaliação da qualidade das relações professor-dançarino e para avançar no conhecimento e na compreensão deste contexto artístico orientado ao rendimento (AU)

Applicant reactions to social network web use in personnel selection and assessment / Reacciones de los candidatos ante el uso de las redes sociales en selección y evaluación de personal

Human Resource (HR) professionals are increasingly using Social Networking Websites (SNWs) for personnel recruitment and selection processes. However, evidence is required regarding their psychometric properties and their impact on applicant reactions. In this paper we present and discuss the results of exploring applicant reactions to either the use of a professional SNW (such as LinkedIn) or a non-professional SNW (such as Facebook). A scale for assessing applicant reactions was applied to 124 professionals. The results showed more positive attitudes to the use of professional SNWs compared with non-professional SNWs. Both gender and age moderated these results, with females and young applicants having a less positive attitude than males and older participants towards the use of non-professional SNWs (AU)

Los profesionales de recursos humanos cada vez utilizan con mayor frecuencia las plataformas de redes sociales [Social Networking Webs, SNW] en los procesos de reclutamiento y selección de personal. Sin embargo, existe una necesidad clara de obtención de evidencias psicométricas acerca del impacto en los candidatos. En el presente artículo presentamos y comentamos los resultados de una exploración de las reacciones de los candidatos ante la utilización en el proceso selectivo de las SNW profesionales (i.e., LinkedIn) y las no profesionales (i.e., Facebook). Utilizamos una escala de reacciones de los candidatos aplicada a una muestra de 124 profesionales. Los resultados muestran una actitud significativamente más positiva hacia la utilización de los SNW profesionales que hacia los SNW no profesionales. El género y la edad parecen influir en dicha valoración en el caso de las SNW no profesionales. Las mujeres y los jóvenes tienen un juicio significativamente más negativo sobre la utilización de las SNW no profesionales que los varones y las personas de más edad (AU)

Comparative sport injury epidemiological study on a Spanish sample of 25 different sports / Estudio epidemiológico comparativo sobre lesiones deportivas en una muestra española de 25 distintos deportes / Estudo epidemiológico comparativo sobre lesões esportivas em uma amostra espanhola de 25 esportes diferentes

Sport injury is a widely extended morbidity condition. However, epidemiological studies are far from giving a convergent outlook. Moreover, there is a lack of studies comparing relative risks of different groups of sports. The present paper is aimed to carry out a descriptive epidemiological study of sport injuries of athletes from 25 sport modalities in order to identify risk factors as well as to compare epidemiological characteristics according to the different sport groups. A sample of 297 athletes from different sport federations in the region of Madrid (Spain) were assessed using a protocol comprising a section about the sport being practiced and a section about injury incidence. Due to the wide variety of sport modalities, the sample was classified into four groups according to the Blázquez and Hernández Moreno’s (1984) sports classification. Results showed no gender but age differences in injury incidence. They also showed differences in terms of injury frequency and severity (elapsed time between the injury and the returning to sport practice) among sport groups, being athletes practicing co-operation-opposition sports those who seemed to be more at risk. There were also differences regarding internal/external causes and when the injury was sustained. The global exposure injury rate (training and competition) rose to 4.1 injuries/1.000 hours

La lesión deportiva es una condición de morbilidad ampliamente extendida. Sin embargo, los estudios epidemiológicos están lejos de dar una perspectiva convergente. Por otra parte, apenas hay estudios que comparen los riesgos relativos de distintas modalidades deportivas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo sobre lesiones deportivas en deportistas de 25 modalidades con el fin de identificar los factores de riesgo, así como comparar las características epidemiológicas de acuerdo a los diferentes grupos deportivos. Para ello, se evaluó a una muestra de 297 atletas de diferentes federaciones deportivas de la región de Madrid (España) a través de un protocolo que incluía una sección sobre el deporte practicado y una sección acerca de la incidencia de lesiones. Debido a la amplia variedad de modalidades deportivas, la muestra se categorizó en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la clasificación de deportes de Blázquez y Hernández Moreno (1984). Los resultados no mostraron diferencias de género, pero sí de edad en lo que se refiere a la incidencia de lesiones. También mostraron diferencias entre los grupos deportivos en frecuencia de lesiones y gravedad (medida como tiempo transcurrido hasta la vuelta a la práctica deportiva), siendo el grupo de cooperación-oposición aquél que aparecía con mayor riesgo. Hubo también diferencias en cuanto las causas (internas/externas) y cuándo se produjo la lesión. La tasa de incidencia de lesiones en función de la exposición global (entrenamientos y partidos) alcanzó las 4.1 lesiones/1.000 horas

A lesão esportiva é uma condição de morbidade generalizada. No entanto, os estudos epidemiológicos estão ainda longe de dar umdirecionamento. Por outro lado, há poucos estudos que façam a comparação entre os riscos relativos de diferentes grupos esportivos. Por esta razão, opresente estudo tem como objetivo realizar um estudo epidemiológico descritivo de lesões esportivas de 25 modalidades com o fim de identificar osfatores de risco assim como comparar as características epidemiológicas segundo os diferentes tipos de grupos esportivos. Foi avaliada uma amostra de297 atletas de diferentes federações esportivas da região de Madrid (Espanha) a partir de um protocolo que incluía uma parte sobre o esporte aplicado eoutra parte sobre a incidência de lesões. Por causa da ampla variedade de modalidades esportivas, a amostra foi caracterizada em quatro grupos deacordo com a classificação de esportes de Blázquez e Hernández Moreno (1984). Os resultados não mostraram diferenças de gênero, mas sim no que se refere a idade e a incidência de lesão. Do mesmo jeito os resultados mostraram diferenças na frequência de lesões e gravidade (medida como tempopassado até a volta da prática esportiva) entre os grupos esportivos, sendo o grupo de cooperação-oposição o que apresentou-se como de maior risco.Também houve diferenças enquanto as causas (internas/externas) da lesão e quando se produzirão. A taxa de incidência de lesões em função da exposiçãoglobal (treinamento e competições) mostrou que 4.1 lesões/1.000 horas

Psychology in the realm of sport injury: What it is all about / Psychology in the realm of sport injury: What it is all about

Las lesiones deportivas son una constante en la actividad física y el deporte y representan, en mayor o menor grado, un obstáculo al que la mayor parte de los deportistas se tienen que enfrentar, pudiendo aquéllas tener consecuencias a nivel económico, laboral, educativo, además de a nivel físico y psicológico. Tradicionalmente, la lesión deportiva ha sido considerada como el resultado de la acción de fuerzas biomecánicas que ejercen sobre el cuerpo mientras se participa en una actividad deportiva. Esa perspectiva viene a considerar al deportista como un mero contendor de unas piezas que se han roto y deben ser reparadas. Al contrario, la Psicología del Deporte le concede al individuo un papel activo central tanto en el padecimiento de una lesión como en el proceso de recuperación de la misma. El presente artículo viene a promover una perspectiva psicológica de la lesión deportiva, revisando los principales modelos psicológicos que se han propuesto tanto para la fase de pre-lesión como para la fase de post-lesión. Finalmente, el artículo plantea los principales problemas de la investigación sobre lesiones deportivas y brinda una serie de líneas de actuación para llevar a cabo la investigación en este campo (AU)

Sport injuries are a constant in physical activity and sport and represent, to a greater or lesser degree, an obstacle that most athletes have to face and which could have an impact on economical, occupational and educational aspects, as well as on physical and psychological health. Traditionally, sport injury was deemed the result of biomechanical forces exerted on the body and sustained during participation in sport activity, under which perspective the athlete is considered merely as the container of a set of parts that break down and must be repaired. In contrast, Sport Psychology has brought the individual into a central active role, both when sustaining and recovering from an injury. This paper promotes a psychological perspective on sport injury and reviews the main psychological models posed for both the pre-injury and the post-injury phases. Finally, the paper addresses some of the main problems encountered by research on sport injury and sets out several guidelines for future research in the field (AU)

Determinación de las variables psicológicas y deportivas relevantes a las lesiones deportivas: Un análisis bayesiano / Determination of the psychological and sportive variables related to sports injuries: a bayesian analysis

This study analyzes the relationship between psychological and physical variables and sports injuries. A total of 297 athletes from 26 different sports participated in the study. Variables related to biomedical, psychological and sports injuries were collected. The analysis of data was performed through Bayesian networks. Our results suggest that a high probability of self-efficacy produce statistical dependence to high likelihood of sports injuries. This variable receives previous influences of biomedical variables (BMI) and psychological variables (stress). There are also consequential variables to the injury: coping strategies, and locus of control (AU)

Este estudio analiza la relación entre variables psicológicas y las lesiones deportivas. Participaron en el estudio un total de 297 deportistas, de 26 distintos deportes. Se recogieron variables biomédicas, deportivas, psicológicas y referentes a la lesión deportiva. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo por medio de redes Bayesianas. Nuestros resultados parecen indicar que una elevada probabilidad de autoeficacia produce dependencia estadística de más probabilidad de lesión deportiva. Esta variable recibe influencias antecedentes tanto de variables biomédicas (IMC) como de variables psicológicas (estrés). También existen variables consecuentes a la lesión: uso de estrategias de afrontamiento, y locus de control (AU)

Autoeficacia y lesiones deportivas: ¿factor protector o de riesgo? / Self efficacy and sports injuries is this a risk or a protective factor?

the present paper analyses the effect of self-efficacy in sports injury and to what extent such effect is mediated by coping strategies to competitive situations shown by athletes. 245 sportspeople were assessed regarding the number of injuries suffered the last 12 months, General selfefficacy and coping strategies. regression analysis proved that two coping strategies, emotional calming and risk behavior, predicted the suffering of less or more injuries, respectively. A path analysis showed that self-efficacy was not directly related to the number of injuries but indirectly through coping strategies. Unexpectedly, the greater self-efficacy induces both coping strategies oriented to trying new options and risky alternatives (risk behavior) and coping strategies directed to control negative emotions (emotional calming) which would supposedly be related to least risk-taking behaviors, the former increasing and the later decreasing vulnerability to sports injury (AU)

presente estudio analiza el efecto de la autoeficacia en la lesión deportiva y en qué medida ese efecto se ve mediado por las estrategias de afrontamiento ante la situación competitiva que los deportistas exhiban. se evaluaron el Número de Lesiones en los últimos 12 meses, la Autoeficacia General y las estrategias de Afrontamiento de 245 deportistas. Un análisis de regresión mostró que dos de las estrategias de afrontamiento: calma emocional y tendencia al riesgo, predecían el padecimiento de un menor o mayor número de lesiones, respectivamente. Un path analysis mostró que la Autoeficacia no incidía directamente en el número de lesiones sino que las estrategias de afrontamiento mediaban esa relación. contra lo esperado, una mayor autoeficacia induce tanto estrategias que llevan a intentar nuevas alternativas y opciones arriesgadas (conductas de riesgo) como otras que intentan controlar las emociones negativas (calma emocional) que, supuestamente, estarían relacionadas con menores conductas de riesgo. en el primer caso incrementando y en el segundo decrementando la vulnerabilidad a las lesiones (AU)

La Prueba de Tendencia al Riesgo (PTR): Una propuesta para un test informatizado de ejecución conductual para evaluar la tendencia al riesgo / The Risk Propensity Task (PTR): A proposal for a behavioral performance-based computer test for assessing risk propensity

La evaluación de las diferencias individuales en la tendencia al riesgo ha sido tradicionalmente realizada en base a instrumentos de autoinforme. Estos están sujetos a una serie de sesgos y distorsiones que son difíciles de sortear. Este trabajo presenta un nuevo instrumento de evaluación objetiva de la propensión al riesgo basado en la ejecución comportamental ante una tarea: la Prueba de Tendencia al Riesgo (PTR). En el primer estudio (N = 234) se explora la fiabilidad y dimensionalidad de la tarea. Los resultados muestran una alta consistencia interna (alpha = 0.94) y una adecuada dimensionalidad congruente con el diseño de la prueba. En el segundo estudio (N = 59) se analiza la validez convergente e incremental de la prueba utilizando para ello un cuestionario sobre búsqueda de sensaciones, constructo relacionado con la tendencia al riesgo (SSS-V), autoinformes de comportamientos de riesgo (RTI, SRB) y un test comportamental (BDT). Los resultados muestran correlaciones significativas en mayor o menor medida entre la PTR y las demás pruebas utilizadas. La PTR incrementa en un 6.7% el porcentaje de varianza explicada en estos comportamientos por las otras medidas utilizadas en el estudio. Los resultados indican que la PTR puede ser una herramienta útil para la evaluación de la propensión al riesgo (AU)

Individual differences in risk propensity have been traditionally assessed by self-report. These instruments are sensitive to response distortion which is not easy to deal with. The paper presents a new objective behavioral performance-based assessment instrument for assessing risk propensity: the Risk Propensity Task (PTR), and its psychometric proper-ties. The first study (N = 234) explores reliability and dimensionality of the PTR. Results show high internal consistency (alpha = 0.94), and adequate dimensionality. The second study (N = 59) analyzes PTR convergent and incremental validity, using a Sensation Seeking questionnaire (SSS-V), risk-taking behavior self-reports (RTI, SRB) and another performance-based test (BDT). Results show significant correlations between PTR scores and the other instrument scores. The amount of variance explained by the other measures used increases by 6.7% with the PTR. These results indicate that the PTR may be a useful tool in the assessment of risk propensity (AU)

Are we more consistent when talking about ourselves than when behaving? Consistency differences through a questionnaire and an objective task.

The present paper aimed to examine questionnaire response patterns and objective task-based test behavioral patterns in order to analyze the differences people show in consistency. It is hypothesized that people tend to be more consistent when talking about themselves (when describing themselves through verbal statements) that when they solve a task (when behaving). Consistency is computed using the pi* statistic (Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta, & Santacreu, 2006). According to this procedure, consistency is defined as the value and the dimensionality of the latent trait of an individual (theta) remaining invariant through out the test of. Participants who are consistent must show a constant theta and follow a given response pattern during the entire course of the test. A sample of 3,972 participants was used. Results reveal that 68% of participants showed a consistent response pattern when completing the questionnaire. When tackling the task-based test, the percentage was 66%. 45% of individuals showed a consistent pattern in both tests. Implications for personality and individual differences assessment are discussed.

Are we more consistent when talking about ourselves than when behaving? Consistency differences through a questionnaire and an objective task

The present paper aimed to examine questionnaire response patterns and objective task-based test behavioral patterns in order to analyze the differences people show in consistency. It is hypothesized that people tend to be more consistent when talking about themselves (when describing themselves through verbal statements) that when they solve a task (when behaving). Consistency is computed using the Pi* statistic (Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta, & Santacreu, 2006). According to this procedure, consistency is defined as the value and the dimensionality of the latent trait of an individual (theta) remaining invariant through out the test of. Participants who are consistent must show a constant theta and follow a given response pattern during the entire course of the test. A sample of 3,972 participants was used. Results reveal that 68% of participants showed a consistent response pattern when completing the questionnaire. When tackling the task-based test, the percentage was 66%. 45% of individuals showed a consistent pattern in both tests. Implications for personality and individual differences assessment are discussed (AU)

El presente artículo pretende examinar las diferencias que muestran las personas en cuanto a su consistencia entre los patrones de respuesta a un cuestionario y los patrones de respuesta ante un test objetivo basado en tareas. Se hipotetiza que las personas tienden a ser más consistentes cuando hablan sobre ellos mismos (es decir, cuando se describen en base a declaraciones verbales, como es el caso de los cuestionarios) que cuando resuelven una tarea (cuando se comportan). La consistencia se calcula utilizando el estadístico Pi* (Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta, & Santacreu, 2006). De acuerdo con este procedimiento, la consistencia se define como la invarianza del valor y la dimensionalidad del rasgo latente de un individuo (theta) a lo largo de un test. Los participantes que son consistentes mostrarán una theta constante y seguirán un patrón de respuesta dado a lo largo del curso completo del test. Para este estudio se utilizó una muestra de 3972 personas. Los resultados muestran que el 68% de los participantes mostraron un patrón de respuesta consistente cuando cumplimentaron el cuestionario. Sin embargo, cuando se enfrentaron al test objetivo basado en tareas, el porcentaje fue del 66%. El 45% de los participantes mostraron un patrón consistente en los dos tests. El artículo analiza las implicaciones para la evaluación de la personalidad y las diferencias individuales (AU)

Sex differences in dynamic spatial ability: the unsolved question of performance factors.

Males and females differ in several cognitive abilities, although the largest gap can be found in spatial ability. Some published studies make the claim that performance factors, which can be either subject- or task-related variables, explain these differences. However, previous studies in which performance factors were measured have focused on static spatial tests. Little is known about the role of performance factors in dynamic spatial tasks. In the present study, we analyzed a sample of 2624 university graduates to test the role of three performance factors (response latency, response frequency, and invested time) derived from the Spatial Orientation Dynamic Test-Revised (SODT-R; Santacreu, 1999). The results showed that males and females appear to cope with the dynamic task in different ways. However, males outperformed females even when the effects of the performance factors were partialed out; that is, the assessed performance factors did not explain much of the sex-related variance. Alternative ways of measuring performance factors will be needed if they are to explain sex differences in dynamic spatial ability.

Fluid intelligence, working memory and executive functioning / Inteligencia fluida, memoria de trabajo y funcionamiento ejecutivo

The causes underlying the correlation between working memory and fluid intelligence remain unknown. There are some researchers who argue that the answer can be found on the presumed executive component of working memory. However, the available empirical evidence is far from conclusive. The present study tested a sample of 229 participants. Intelligence, working memory, and executive functioning were measured by one analytic reasoning test (TRASI), a dual task combining a primary task of deductive reasoning with a secondary task of counting, and the Tower of Hanoi task, respectively. All the 3 measures were computer administered. The results indicate that the shared variance between executive functioning and working memory do not account for the relationship between intelligence and working memory. Some theoretical implications are discussed

Actualmente siguen siendo desconocidas las causas que subyacen a la correlación de la memoria de trabajo con la inteligencia fluida. Algunos investigadores proponen que una respuesta posible radica en el supuesto componente ejecutivo de la memoria de trabajo. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica disponible no es concluyente. El presente estudio considera una muestra de 229 participantes. La inteligencia, la memoria de trabajo y el funcionamiento ejecutivo se midieron con un test de razonamiento analítico (TRASI), una tarea dual que combinaba una tarea primaria de razonamiento deductivo con una tarea secundaria de recuento, y la Torre de Hanoi, respectivamente. Las tres medidas se diseñaron para su aplicación informática. Los resultados indican que la varianza común al funcionamiento ejecutivo y la memoria de trabajo no explica la relación entre inteligencia y memoria de trabajo. Se discuten algunas implicaciones teóricas